HEAVY METAL LEVELS IN THE TISSUES OF WILD LIVING ANIMALS FROM TWO DISTINCT INDUSTRIALLY EXPLOITED AREAS IN SLOVAKIA
Keywords:
heavy metal, wild animal, tissue, environment, contamination, plantAbstract
The aim of the presented study was to assess the heavy metal burden in biotopes of wild living animals of two distinct industrially exploited areas in Slovakia. 411 samples of various tissues (lung, liver, kidney, spleen, heart and muscle) of red deer, roe deer, mouflon, chamois, wild boar, European brown hare, fox, European brown marten, European badger, gray wolf, brown bear, wildcat, red squirrel, European polecat, alpine marmot, and European otter were collected from the localities between 2014 and 2018. Concentrations of mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, nickel, copper and zinc were determined using Atomic absorption spectroscopy. Significant correlations (p ˂ 0.05, t = 0.03162) of metal levels in each locality and differences between the animals species were recorded. We have found important heavy metal burden in a relatively clean area – Tatra National Park that is legislatively protected and restricted in any industrial activity. In the Zemplín region, the examined heavy metal levels confirm permanent pollution by intensive heavy industrialization. Mostly mercury (29 %) was the metal that exceeded the legal limits permitted for human consumption, then cadmium (28 %) and lead (23 %). Concentration of chromium did not exceed the limit in any sample. The most burdened animal species was wild boar.
References
Abu Al-Rub, F. A., El-Naas, M. H., Benyahia, F. & Ashour, I. (2004). Biosorption of nickel on blank alginate beads, free and immobilized algal cells. Process Biochemistry, 39(11), 1767–1773.
Ajorlo, M., Abdullah, R. B., Hanif, A. H. M., Halim, R. A. & Yusoff, M. K. (2010). How cattle grazing influences heavy metal concentrations in tropical pasture soils. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 19(6), 1369–1375.
Andreotti A, Borghesi, F. & Aradis, A. (2016). Lead ammunition residues in the meat of hunted woodcock: A potential health risk to consumers. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 15(1), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2016.1142360
Babička, C. & Sedláček, J. (2000). Cizorodé látky u lovné zvěře. Myslivost. 48(78), 72–74.
Begon, M., Harper, J. L. & Townsend, C. R. (1997). Ekologie, jedinci, populace s spoločenstva. Vydavatelství University Palackého, Olomouc, 949 p.
Bellinger, D., Bradman, A., Burger, J., Cade, T., Cory-Slechta, D., Doak, D. & Wright, R. (2013). Health risks from lead-based ammunition in the environment – A consensus statement of scientists. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6dq3h64x
Bernhoft, A., Boobis, A., Cromie, R., Devineau, O., Antonio Donazar, J., Duffus, J. & Thomas, V. G. (2014). Wildlife and human health risks from lead-based ammunition in Europe a consensus statement by scientists. Retrieved from
Bilandžić, N., Sedak, M., Đokić, M. & Šimić, B. (2010). Wild boar tissue levels of cadmium, lead and mercury in seven regions of continental Croatia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 84(6), 738–743.
Bykowszczenko, N., Baranowska-Bosiacka, I., Bosiacka, B., Kaczmarek, A. & CHlubek, D. (2006). Determination of heavy metal concentration in mosses of Słowiński National Park using atomic absorption spectrometry and neutron activation analysis methods. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15(1), 41–46.
Čelechovská, O., Literák, I., Ondruš, S. & Pospíšil, Z. (2006). Heavy Metals in Brown Bears from the Central European Carpathians. Acta Veterinaria, Brno, 75, 501–506. http://www.bionet.schule.de/schulen/novaky/heavy_metals/sk/hm09.htm
Degórska, A. (2013). An assessment of urban habitat contamination with selected heavy metals within the city of Katowice using the common dandelion as a bioindicator. Environmental & Socio-economic Studies, 1(4), 29–40.
EFSA. (2010). Scientific opinion on lead in food. Panel on contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM). EFSA Journal, 8(4), 1570.
Gallo, M. (1995). Vplyv emisných spádov a kontaminovaného krmiva na kvalitu živočíšnych produktov. Ekotoxikológia potravinového reťazca. 3. sympózium s medzinárodnou účasťou, Košice, pp. 152–156.
Golian, J., Sokol, J., Chovanec, M. & Rajský, D. (2004).Obsah kadmia vo vybraných potravinách a pokrmoch. Zborník, Proceedings, XIII. Vedecké sympózium s medzinárodnou účasťou o ekológii vo vybraných aglomeráciách Jelšavy – Lubeníka a stredného Spiša, Hrádok, pp. 32–35.
Hunt, W. G., Watson, R. T., Oaks, J. L., Parish, C. N., Burnham, K. K., Tucker, R. L. & Hart, G. (2009). Lead bullet fragments in venison from rifle-killed deer: Potential for human dietary exposure. PLoS One, 4(4), e5330. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005330
Joanna, B. (2006). Bioindicators: types, development, and use in ecological assessment and research. Environmental Bioindicators, 1(1), 22–39.
Juric, A. K., Batal, M., David, W., Sharp, D., Schwartz, H., Ing, A., Fediuk, K., Black, A., Tikhonov, C., Chan, H. M. & Chan, L. (2018). Risk assessment of dietary lead exposure among first nations people living on-reserve in Ontario, Canada using a total diet study and a probabilistic approach. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 344, 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.035
Khatri, N. & Tyag,i S. (2015). Influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas. Frontiers in Life Science, 8(1), 23–39.
Knott. J., Gilbert, J., Hoccom, D. & Green, R. (2010). Implications for wildlife and humans of dietary exposure to lead from fragments of lead rifle bullets in deer shot in the UK. Science of the Total Environment, 409(1), 95–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.053
Košutzký, J., Rajzák, P., Brey,l I., Miššík, J. & Hajduk, J. (2003). Monitoring poľovnej, voľne žijúcej zveri a rýb v Slovenskej republike. Správa za rok 2002, ŠVPS SR, 21 p.
Kováč, G., Jesenská, M., Seidel, H., Nagy, O., Húska, M. & Link, R. (2005). Koncentrácia kadmia, arzénu a olova vo vybraných tkanivách jelenej a diviačej zveri. Rizikové faktory potravového reťazca V., Nitra, pp. 157-161.
Kozanecka, T., Chojnicki, J. & Kwasowski, W. (2002) Content of heavy metals in plant from pollution-free regions. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 11(4), 395–399.
Kramárová, M., Massányi, P., Jančová, A., Toman, R., Slamečka, J., Tataruch, F., Kováčik, J., Gašparík, J., Naď, P., Skalická, M., Koréneková, B., Jurčík, R., Čuboň, R. & Haščík, P. (2005). Concentration of cadmium in the liver and kidneys of some wild and farm animals. Bulletin Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 49(4), pp. 465–469.
Krížová, S., Šalgovičová, D., Sviětlíková, A. & Svítková, S. (2001). Vyhodnotenie výsledkov čiastkového monitorovacieho systému „Cudzorodé látky v potravinách a krmivách“. Bulletin potravinárskeho výskumu [Bulletin of Food Research], 40(1), 63−72.
Krynski, A., Wrzesien, R. & Chudzicka, M. (2003). Free living animals as a bioindicator of environmental pollution. Annals of Warsaw Agricultural University, Animal Science, 40, 45–53.
Kugonič, N. & Zupan, M. (1999). Vsebnost Pb, Cd in Zn v tleh in nekaterih rastlinah v Zgornji Mežiški dolini. In: Ribarič-Lasnik, C., Pokorny, B., Pačnik, L. (ed) Problem težkih kovin v Zgornji Mežiški dolini (zbornik referatov). Erico, Velenje, pp. 47–58.
Kulhavý, J. et al. (2003). Ekologie lesa. Doplnkový učební text. Mendelova zemědelská a lesnická univerzita v Brně, pp. 169–183.
Küttner, A., Mighall, T. M., De Vleeschouwer, F., Mauquoy, D., Cortizas, A. M., Foster, I. D. & Krupp, E. (2014). A 3300-year atmospheric metal contamination record from Raeburn flow raised bog, south West Scotland. Journal of Archaeological Science, 44, 1–11.
Lazarus, M., Vicković, I., Sostarić, B. & Blanusai, M. (2005). Heavy metal levels in tissues of red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Eastern Croatia. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 56(3), 233–240.
Lehel, J., Zwillinger, D., Bartha, A., Lanyi, K., Laczay, P. (2017). Food safety aspects of primary environmental contaminants in the edible tissues of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 4(32), 25372–25382. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11356-017-0206-9
Makovníková, J. & Kanianska, R. (2003). Antropogénny faktor v znečisťovaní pôdy – východisko prijímania ochranných opatrení. [online]. 2003, [cit. 13.1. 2017]. http://www.agroporadenstvo.sk/rv/poda/znecist_pody.htm
Mauro, F., Loredana, B., Stefania, C., Roberta, P. & Gianfranco, B. (2017). Wild game consumption habits among Italian shooters. Journal of Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2017.1293303
Niemi, A., Venäläinen, E. R., Hirvi, T. & Valtonen, M. (1993) Heavy metals in muscle, liver and kidney from Finnish elk in 1980-81 and 1990. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 50, 834–841.
Piskorová, Ľ., Vasilková, Z. & Krupicer, I. (2003). Heavy metal residues in tissues of wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the Central Zemplin region of the Slovak Republic. Short Communication. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 48(3), 134–138.
Pompe-Gotal, J., Srebocan, E., Gomercic, H. & Prevendar, C. A. (2009). Mercury concentrations in the tissues of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and striped dolphins (Stenella coeruloalba) stranded on the Croatian Adriatic coast. Veterinární medicína, 54(12), 598–604.
Regulation of Ministry of the Agriculture and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic and Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic from 11 September 2006 No. 18558/2006-SL, by which it is issuing The Chapter of Codex Alimentarius of the Slovak Republic, regulating food contaminants as amended by.
Slamečka, J., Jurčík, R., Tataruch, F. & Peškovičová, D. (1994). Kumulácia ťažkých kovov v orgánoch zajaca poľného (Lepus europaeus) na juhozápadnom Slovensku. Folia Venatoria, 24, 90–94.
Šalgovičová, D. & Krížová, S. (1995). Olovo v svalovine vysokej zveri v Slovenskej republike. Rizikové faktory potravového reťazca IV., Nitra, pp. 217–219.
Tataruch, F. (1995). Red deer antlers as biomonitors for lead contamination. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 55(3), 332–337.
Toman, R., Golian, J. & Massányi, P. (2003). Toxikológia potravín. Nitra: SPU, 109 p.
Zmetáková, Z. & Šalgovičová, D. (2008). Contamination of the wild animals with mercury in the Slovak republic. Bezpečnosť a kvalita surovín a potravín, Nitra, 2008, 4 p.
