NUTRITIVE VALUE, QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS, IN SITU RUMEN DRY MATTER DEGRADABILITY AND IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION PARAMETERS OF CITRUS PULP SILAGE SUPPLEMENTED WITH BARLEY GRAIN
Keywords:
aerobic stability, agricultural by-product, silage additivesAbstract
The effect of grounded barley grain (BG), as a silage additive, on chemical composition, qualitative properties, in situ dry matter (DM) degradability and in vitro gas production of citrus pulp silage (CPS) was investigated. The whole fresh citrus pulp was manually chopped and used as either untreated or treated with 6, 12, or 18 g BG.kg-1 fresh citrus pulp for ensiling. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design. The data showed that the silage with 18 g BG had highest DM and CP content among the treatments (P < 0.05). Also, with increasing of BG, the NDF and ADF concentrations linearly increased, but pH linearly decreased (P < 0.05). Aerobic stability of silages exhibited a negative relationship with adding of BG (P < 0.05). Data on in situ degradability of DM indicated that the soluble degradable fraction (a) was highest in control group (P < 0.05). Besides, the non-soluble degradation fraction (b) was highest in silages with BG (P < 0.05). The fractional degradation rate (c) linearly increased with increasing of BG (P < 0.05). After that, the potential DM degradability (a + b) was lowest in the treatment with 18 g of BG (P < 0.05). But, the effective degradability (ED) of DM was highest in treatments with BG (P < 0.05). The data on gas production test indicated that the potential (b) and fractional rate of gas production (c) was highest in silages with 12 and 18 g of BG (P < 0.05). Furthermore, treatments with 12 and 18 g of BG had higher OMD, NEI, ME and SCFA contents than other treatments (P < 0.05). This data suggest that the addition of 12 and 18 g of BG to CPS can improve the nutritional value of this by-product.
References
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<br>Andrade, W. R., Pires, A. J. V. & de Jesus, M. O. (2020). Citrus Co-Products in Ruminants Feeds: A Review. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 10(2), 191−202.
<br>Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). (2005). In: Official Methods of Analysis. 18th ed. AOAC International, Gaithers-burg, Maryland, USA.
<br>Arbabi, S., Ghorchi, T. & Naserian, A. A. (2008). The effect of dried citrus pulp, dried beet sugar pulp and wheat straw as silage additives on by-products of orange silage. Asian Journal of Animal Science, 2(2), 35−42.
<br>Baah, J., Addah, W., Okine, E. K. & McAllister, T. A. (2011). Effects of Homolactic Bacterial Inoculant Alone or Combined with an Anionic Surfactant on Fermentation, Aerobic Stability and In situ Ruminal Degradability of Barley Silage. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 24(3), 369−378.
<br>Bampidis, V. A. & Robinson, P. H. (2006). Citrus by-products as ruminant feeds: A review. Journal of Animal Feed Science & Technology, 128, 175−217.
<br>Clovis, C. D. S., Kozloski, G. V., Sanchez, L. M. B., Mesquita, F. R., Alves, T. P. & Castagnino, D. S. (2008). Evaluation of autoclave procedures for fibre analysis in forage and concentrate feedstuffs. Animal Feed Science & Technology, 146, 169−174.
<br>Denek, N., Can, A. & Tiifenk, S. (2004). Misir, Sorgum Ve Aycicegi Hasillarina Degisik Katki Maddeleri Katilrnasinin Silaj KalitesiVe in vitro Kururnadde Sindirimine Etkisi. Harran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi (Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture), 8, 1−10.
<br>Ensminger, M. E., Oldfield, J. E. & Heinemann, W. W. (1990). Feeds and Nutrition. Clovis, C. A. 2nd Ed. The Ensminger Publishing Company, USA, pp. 1552, ISBN: 0941218082
<br>Gado, H. M., Salem, A. Z. M., Odongo, N. E. & Borhami, B. E. (2011). Influence of exogenous enzymes ensiled with orange pulp on digestion and growth performance in lambs. Animal Feed Science & Technology, 165, 131−136.
<br>Getachew, G., Makkar, H. P. S. & Becker, K. (2002). Tropical browses: content of phenolic compounds, in vitro gas production and stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acids and in vitro gas production. Journal of Agricultural Science, 139, 341−352.
<br>Kilic, A. (1986). Silo Feed (Instruction, Education and Application Proposals). Bilgehan Press Dzmir, Turkey.
<br>Kordi, M. & Naserian, A. A. (2020). Evaluation of nutritional value of some nut hulls as feedstuffs for ruminants by in vitro gas production technique. Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, 74(1), 25−31.
<br>Kordi, M., Naserian, A. A., Valizadeh, R., Tahmasbi, A. M., Safarian, M., & Yari, M. (2015). Fat absorption capacity of alfalfa hay harvested at three stages of maturity with different particle sizes and some feedstuffs on common oil sources. Research Opinions in Animal & Veterinary Sciences, 5(3), 124−127.
<br>Kordi, M., Naserian, A. A., Valizadeh, R. & Tahmasbi, A. M. (2014). Effect of different levels of sugar beet pulp on chemical composition, in situ degradability and in vitro gas production of citrus pulp silage. Journal of Ruminant Research. (Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources University of Gorgan-Iran), 2(1), 17−32. (In Persian).
<br>Kordi, M. & Naserian, A. A. (2012). Influence of wheat bran as a silage additive on chemical composition, in situ degradability and in vitro gas production of citrus pulp silage. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11, 12669−12674.
<br>Kordi, M., Naserian, A. A., Valizadeh, R. & Tahmasbi A. M. (2010). Effects of different levels of molasses on fermentational properties of citrus pulp silage. Proceeding of 14th Animal Science Congress of AAAP, Taiwan, pp. 198.
<br>Lashkari, S., Taghizadeh, A., Seifdavati, J. & Salem, A. Z. M. (2014). Qualitative characteristics, microbial populations and nutritive values of orange pulp ensiled with nitrogen supplementation. Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 47(2), 90−99.
<br>Marounek, M. & Duskova, D. (1999). Metabolism of pectin in rumen bacteria Butirivibri fibriosolvens and Prevotella ruminicola. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 29, 429−433.
<br>Martinez-Pascual, J. & Fernandez-Carmona, J. (1980). Composition of citrus pulp. Journal of Animal Feed Science & Technology, 5, 1−10.
<br>Menke, K. H., Raab, L., Salewski, A., Steingass, H., Fritz, D. & Schneider, W. (1979). The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feeding stuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. Journal of Agricultural Science, 93, 217−222.
<br>Menke, K. H. & Steingass, H. H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Journal of Animal Research and Development, p. 28.
<br>Muck, R. E. (1993). The role of silage additives in making high quality silage. Proceedings of the National Silage Production Conference on Silage Production from Seed to Animal, Syracuse, NY, USA, 106−116.
<br>National Research Council (NRC). (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Ed. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
<br>Ørskov, E. R. & McDonald, I. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Science, 92, 499−503.
<br>Paya, H., Taghizadeh, A. & Lashkari, S. (2015). Effects of Lacto-bacillus plantarum and hydrolytic enzymes on fermentation and ruminal degradability of orange pulp silage. Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 4, 349−357.
<br>SAS (Statistical Analysis System). (2003). SAS Statistical Analysis System, Release 8.02. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
<br>Volanis, M., Zoiopoulos, P., Panagou, E. & Tzerakis, K. (2006). Utilization of an ensiled orange pulp mixture in the feeding of lactating dairy ewes. Small Ruminant Research, 64, 190−195.
<br>Williams, S. R. O., Chaves, A. V., Deighton, M. H., Jacobs, J. L., Hannah, M. C., Ribaux, B. E. & Moate, P. J. (2018). Influence of feeding supplements of almond hulls and ensiled citrus pulp on the milk production, milk composition, and methane emissions of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 101, 2072−2083.
<br>Wood, D. F., Williams, T. G., Offeman, R. D. & Orts, W. J. (2012). Focus on agricultural residues: Microstructure of almond hull. 244th ACS National Meeting & Exposition, p. 194.
<br>Yitbarek, M. B. & Tamir, B. (2014). Silage additives. Open Journal of Applied Science, 4, 258−274.</div>
