STANDARD PROTOCOL FOR INTESTINAL CANNULATION OF RUMINANTS
Keywords:
surgery, cannulation, duodenum, ruminants, pre- and post-surgery care, mobile bag methodAbstract
The manuscript describes the technique for duodenal cannulation of beef cattle using our modification of the standardized closed T-cannula (manufactured by Bar Diamond, Inc., USA). This technique is utilized to determine intestinal digestibility (mobile bag) and, in combination with rumen cannula, also the total digestibility of experimental feeds using the method in situ. We describe the main principles of pre-operative preparation of the experimental animals as well as post-operative care, in order to ensure problem-free and long-term utilization of the animals in experiments. We offer a brief overview of the development of surgical techniques and methods used to determine feed digestibility. Development of these methods is clearly progressing towards minimal invasiveness for the experimental animals. Russel's principle of 3 Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement), and expanded by Tannenbaum and Bennet in 2015, is today applied not only due to the progressively stricter European legislative, which the Member States are obligated to implement into their regulations, but from the practical standpoint as well (Russell, 1959). These methods allow saving labour and material costs and the time. The aim of this study was to describe standard protocol for intestinal cannulation of ruminants.
References
Aliev, A. A. (1974). Operativnye metody issledovanij seľskochozjajstvennych životnych. Ed.: NAUKA, Leningrad, 1974, p. 336.
Buttle, H. L., Clapham, C. & Oldham, J. D. (1982). A design for flexible intestinal cannulas. Laboratory Animals, 16, 307−309.
Dougherty, R. W. (1955). Permanent stomach and intestinal Fistulas in ruminants: some modifications and simplifications. Cornell Veterinarian, 45, 331−357.
Girschewski, H., Trantmann, V. O. & Fiedler, K. (1972). Anlegung einer Duodenalbrückenfistel bei der Kuh. Archiv für Tierernaehrung, 22, 529−532.
Harmon, D. L. & Richards, C. J. (1997). Considerations for Gastrointestinal Cannulations in Ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, 75, 2248−2255.
Chrenková, M., Čerešňáková, Z., Formelová, Z., Poláčiková, M., Mlyneková, Z. & Fľak, P. (2012). Chemical and nutritional characteristics of different types of DDGS for ruminants. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 21(3), 425−435.
Chrenková, M., Formelová, Z., Čerešňáková, Z., Dragomir, C., Rajský, M., Cismileanu, A. & Weisbjerg, M. R. (2018). Rumen Undegradable Protein (RUP) and Its Intestinal Digestibility after Steam Flaking of Cereal Grains. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 63(4), 160−166.
Ipharraguerre, I. R., Reynal, S. M., Liñeiro, M., Broderick, G. A. & Clark, J. H. (2007). A Comparison of Sampling Sites, Digesta and Microbial Markers and Microbial References for Assessing the Postruminal Supply of Nutrients in Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 1904−1819.
Ivan, M. & Johnston, D. W. (1981). Reentrant cannulation of the small intestine in sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 52, 849−856.
Ivan, M., Buckley, D. J., Amour, G. S. & Nicholls, C. F. (1985). Fully automated system for aerobic or anaerobic sampling of duodenal digesta in sheep or cattle equipped with duodenal reentrant cannulas. Journal of Animal Science, 60, 1359−1366.
Kaushal, J. R. & Swan, H. (1982). An "interval" technique of duodenal sampling for ruminants. Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 35, 387−392.
Komarek, R. J. (1981). Intestinal Cannulation of Cattle and Sheep with a T-shaped Cannula designed for total Digesta Collection without externalising Digesta Flow. Journal of Animal Science, 53, 796−802.
Mac Rae, J. C. & Ulyatt, M. J. (1972). Comparison of spot and continuous sampling for estimating duodenal digesta flow in sheep. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 15, 98−106.
Robinson, P. H., Smith, D. F. & Sniffen, C. J. (1985). Development of a One – Piece Reentrant Cannula for the Proximal Duodenum of Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 68, 986−995.
Robinson, P. H. & Kennely, J. J. (1990). Evaluation of a Duodenal Cannula for Dairy Cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 73, 3146−3157.
Rohr, K., Brandt, M., Lebzien, P. & Schaff, H. (1984). Measurement of duodenal flow in dairy cows by either total collection or spot sampling using a special cannula. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 64(Suppl.), 116−117.
Russell, W. M. S. (1959). On comfort and comfort activities in animals. UFAW Courier, 16, 14−26.
Schwarzenböck, F. X., Rot. H. & Kirchgessner, M. (1983). Vollautomatische Messung des Ingestaflusses an Umleistungskanülen. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin, Reihe A, 30, 387−394.
Stern, M. D., Bach, A. & Calsamiglia, S. (1997). Alternative techniques for measuring nutrient digestion in ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, 75(8), 2256−2276.
Szakács, J. (1989). Degradovateľnosť dusíkatých látok formaldehydom ošetrených krmív metódou in situ. [Degradability of crude protein in formaldehyde treated feeds determined using the in situ method.] In: Kandidátska dizertačná práca [Candidate's dissertation], 1989, VÚŽV Nitra.
Szakács, J., Chrastinová, Ľ., Vančišin, J. & Klega, K. (1990a). Fistuláž bachora u hovädzieho dobytka. [Rumen cannulation of beef cattle.] Veterinární medicína (Praha), 35, 449−455.
Szakács, J., Klega, K., Chrastinová, Ľ. & Vančišin, J. (1990b). Starostlivosť o zvieratá s bachorovou fistulou. [Care of animals with rumen cannula.] Veterinární medicína (Praha), 601−605.
Szakács, J., Chrastinová, Ľ. & Chrenková, M. (2020). Innovated Surgery Protocol for Rumen Cannulation in Ruminants. Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 54, 1−6.
Tannenbaum, J. & Bennett, B. (2015). Russels and Burch's 3Rs Then and New: The Need for Clarity in Definition and Purpose. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 54(2), 120−132.
Wanderley, R. C., Brent Theuer, C., Rahnema, S. & Noon, T. H. (1985). Automated Long – Term Total Collection Versus Indicator Method to Estimate Duodenal Digesta Flow in Cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 64, 1550−1558.
